The Importance and Challenges Associated with Multi-scale Heterogeneity for Geological Storage

Catherine Spurin; Catherine Callas; Nihal Darraj; Maja Rücker; Sally Benson

doi:10.69631/ipj.v2i1nr76

Authors

Catherine Spurin Stanford University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2396-8498
Catherine Callas Stanford University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7192-8362
Nihal Darraj Stanford University https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4724-8440
Maja Rücker Stanford University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3699-5372
Sally Benson Stanford University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3733-4296

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69631/ipj.v2i1nr76

Keywords:

Multicomponent multiphase fluid, CO2 sequestration, Hydrogen storage, Underground hydrogen storage, CCUS, Carbon capture utilization and storage

Abstract

Understanding multi-scale heterogeneity in porous media has become increasingly critical as the world transitions from fossil fuel production to geological storage of CO₂ and H₂ for climate change mitigation. This commentary examines why small-scale heterogeneities have taken on a heightened importance in modeling subsurface fluid migration. We identify three key factors: increased public scrutiny and stricter permitting requirements for storage projects, different risk tolerances requiring long-term monitoring, and distinct flow physics compared to traditional oil and gas extraction. Drawing from current research, we demonstrate how current models consistently underestimate CO₂ plume spread, likely due to inadequate representation of small-scale heterogeneities, which will also heavily impact H₂ storage in porous rocks. We review the current state of research on incorporating small-scale heterogeneities into field scale models, discuss relevant spatial scales for both CO₂ and H₂ storage applications, and highlight promising directions for future research in this critical area.

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